![]() Users of the visual system were generally navigating faster, and were better at recalling the route, showing a higher contextual route understanding. Participants using Vibrobelt showed a lower error rate for recognizing images from the route than users of the visual system. We found that Vibrobelt was successful at guiding all participants to their destinations via an unfamiliar route. We measured the spatial knowledge acquisition and analyzed the visual focus of the participants. Twenty participants were asked to cycle two routes, each route with a different application. ![]() We evaluated Vibrobelt by comparing it to a visual navigation application. This belt, worn around the waist, gives waypoint, distance and endpoint information using directional tactile cues. To investigate the potential of tactile navigation for cyclists, we have designed and implemented Vibrobelt. Tactile displays can be used without demanding the attention from the human visual system, which makes them attractive for use in wayfinding contexts, where visual attention should be directed at traffic and other information in the environment. Additionally, we show that users are able to respond to directional information without training. We found that HaptiGo was able to successfully navigate users with timely alerts of incoming obstacles without increasing cognitive load, thereby increasing their environmental awareness. We evaluated HaptiGo through a study conducted on a group of pedestrians, whom were tasked with navigating through several different waypoints while engaged in cognitively demanding tasks. HaptiGo consists of optimally-placed vibro-tactile sensors that utilize natural and small form factor interaction cues, thus emulating the invisible sensation of being passively guided towards the intended direction. We propose HaptiGo, a lightweight haptic vest that provides pedestrians both navigational intelligence and obstacle detection capabilities. However, in unexplored environments or when otherwise engaged, a greater awareness of surroundings or higher cognitive loads are required. Within familiar environments, prior knowledge helps pedestrians reach their destination seamlessly. Complex inter-personal interactions occur in the course of pedestrian navigation. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Computer Society. Therefore, compound tactile icons can be a potential way of conveying multidimensional information. Results of the experiments indicate that overall identification rate for three-parameter Tactons is 92.7% by manipulating different vibrotactile parameters, and 88.7% for four-parameter Tactons by adding an extra thermal parameter guided by these compound Tactons, all participants were able to reach destinations in the simple virtual urban environment. This article investigates mean recognition rates and information transfer values of compound Tactons that encode complex navigation information, and evaluates their effectiveness on assisting the participants to navigate in a virtual city. However, little has been done on how to design compound Tactons to present non-visual information effectively. Unlike transformational Tactons, compound Tactons are a sequence of two or more one-element Tactons. ![]() Perception of transformational Tactons has been explored, which encode two or more dimensions of information with various vibrotactile parameters. Tactile icons were proposed to convey non-visual information as an abstract approach.
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